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Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects, [1] which can contain data and code: data in the form of fields (often known as attributes or properties), and code in the form of procedures (often known as methods).
The listed languages are designed with varying degrees of OOP support. Some are highly focused in OOP while others support multiple paradigms including OOP. [1] For example, C++ is a multi-paradigm language including OOP; [2] however, it is less object-oriented than other languages such as Python [3] and Ruby. [4]
Even though object-oriented seems like a superset of object-based, they are used as mutually exclusive alternatives, rather than overlapping. [citation needed] Examples of strictly object-based languages – supporting an object feature but not inheritance or subtyping – are early versions of Ada, [2] Visual Basic 6 (VB6), and Fortran 90.
The various object-oriented programming languages enforce member accessibility and visibility to various degrees, and depending on the language's type system and compilation policies, enforced at either compile time or runtime. For example, the Java language does not allow client code that accesses the private data of a class to compile. [12]
Most current object-oriented languages distinguish subtyping and subclassing, however some approaches to design do not. Also, another common example is that a person object created from a child class cannot become an object of parent class because a child class and a parent class inherit a person class but class-based languages mostly do not ...
Prototype-based programming is a style of object-oriented programming in which behavior reuse (known as inheritance) is performed via a process of reusing existing objects that serve as prototypes. This model can also be known as prototypal , prototype-oriented, classless , or instance-based programming.
Crystal is a high-level general-purpose, object-oriented programming language, designed and developed by Ary Borenszweig, Juan Wajnerman, Brian Cardiff and more than 400 contributors. [5] With syntax inspired by the language Ruby , [ 6 ] it is a compiled language with static type-checking , but specifying the types of variables or method ...
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