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Intuitively, unrestricted domain is a common requirement for social choice functions, and is a condition for Arrow's impossibility theorem. With unrestricted domain, the social welfare function accounts for all preferences among all voters to yield a unique and complete ranking of societal choices.
Poster for the European Parliament election 2004 in Italy, showing party lists. Party-list proportional representation (list-PR) is a system of proportional representation based on preregistered political parties, with each party being allocated a certain number of seats roughly proportional to their share of the vote.
Exact proportionality is never achieved under PR systems, except by chance. The use of electoral thresholds that are intended to limit the influence of small, extreme parties will reduce proportionality in list systems, and any insufficiency of leveling seats will further reduce proportionality in Mixed-member proportional or Additional-member systems.
This is distinct from other mixed electoral systems that use parallel voting (superposition) or compensatory voting. For example, the rural-urban proportional (RUP) proposal for British Columbia involved the use of a fully proportional system of list-PR or STV in urban regions, combined with MMP in rural regions. [3]
Country Body or office Type of body or office Electoral system Notes Albania: President: Head of state Elected by the Parliament: Parliament: Unicameral legislature Party-list proportional representation: Algeria: President: Head of state Two-round system: Council of the Nation: Upper chamber of legislature Indirectly elected (2/3) Appointed by ...
Multi-winner electoral systems at their best seek to produce assemblies representative in a broader sense than that of making the same decisions as would be made by single-winner votes. They can also be route to one-party sweeps of a city's seats, if a non-proportional system, such as plurality block voting or ticket voting, is used.
Coexistence: some type of mixed systems do not have two tiers (and so also use a single vote), but use majoritarian representation in many constituencies (single-member districts) but use proportional representations is some (multi-member districts), which makes the system as a whole mixed-member majoritarian if the winner-take-all districts ...
The modified d'Hondt electoral system [23] is a variant of the d'Hondt method with an electoral threshold for parties. Votes for parties below the electoral threshold are transferred to other candidates according to the single transferable voting method. This electoral system was used in 1989 and 1992 Australian Capital Territory elections.