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Victims of gender-based discrimination struggle to make a case and get justice as it is hard to prove gender discrimination and sometimes do not complain because they are afraid of the repercussions. [168] The existing directives against gender discrimination are not effective because the law is weakly enforced and corporations do not comply. [171]
Gender equality can refer to equal opportunities or formal equality based on gender or refer to equal representation or equality of outcomes for gender, also called substantive equality. [3] Gender equality is the goal, while gender neutrality and gender equity are practices and ways of thinking that help achieve the goal.
The 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), which recognises violence as a part of discrimination against women in recommendations 12 and 19. [ 1 ] The 1993 World Conference on Human Rights , which recognised violence against women as a human rights violation, and which contributed to the ...
The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women considers the criminalization of abortion a "violations of women's sexual and reproductive health and rights" and a form of "gender based violence"; paragraph 18 of its General recommendation No. 35 on gender based violence against women, updating general recommendation No. 19 ...
Article 9 affirms an equal right to education regardless of gender. Article 10 calls for equal rights in the workplace, including non-discrimination in employment, equal pay for equal work, and paid maternity leave. Article 11 calls on states to implement the principles of the Declaration.
Gender history is a sub-field of history and gender studies, which looks at the past from the perspective of gender. It is in many ways, an outgrowth of women's history . The discipline considers in what ways historical events and periodization impact women differently from men.
With regards to the gender pay gap in the United States, International Labour Organization notes as of 2010 women in the United States earned about 81% of what their male counterparts did. [62] While the gender pay gap has been narrowing since the passage of the Equal Pay Act, the convergence began to slow down in the 1990s. [63]
The Oxford Handbook of Women & Gender in Medieval Europe (2013) 626pp. Boxer, Marilyn J., Jean H. Quataert, and Joan W. Scott, eds. ''Connecting Spheres: European Women in a Globalizing World, 1500 to the Present (2000), essays by scholars excerpt and text search