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In the 19th century, two contrasting methods of describing the flower were introduced: the textual floral formulae and pictorial floral diagrams. [2] Floral diagrams are credited to A. W. Eichler, whose extensive work Blüthendiagramme [3] [4] (1875, 1878) remains a valuable source of information on floral morphology.
There are many perfectly identifiable flowers in books like The Book of Hours [11] (two volumes) by the Master of Flowers (Maître-aux-fleurs, 15th century) or Jean Bourdichon's Grandes Heures of Anne of Brittany (between 1503 and 1508), with 337 plants from the Queen's garden, captioned in Latin and French. These artists' objective was, though ...
Floral formulae are one of the two ways of describing flower structure developed during the 19th century, the other being floral diagrams. [2] The format of floral formulae differs according to the tastes of particular authors and periods, yet they tend to convey the same information. [1] A floral formula is often used along with a floral diagram.
Plate of fuchsias by Miss Smith from Studies of Flowers from Nature, 1818–20. This plate was printed in outline to be colored by the book's owner and has been partially painted in. Studies of Flowers from Nature is a 19th-century botanical copybook notable for the high quality of its illustrations by an artist known only as "Miss Smith." [1] [2]
18th century plant taxonomy bequeathed to the 19th century a precise binomial nomenclature and botanical terminology, a system of classification based on natural affinities, and a clear idea of the ranks of family, genus and species — although the taxa to be placed within these ranks remains, as always, the subject of taxonomic research.
During the late 19th century, the flower was used as the symbol of the Aesthetic Movement. The sunflower was chosen as the symbol of the Spiritualist Church , for many reasons, but mostly because of the (false) belief that the flowers turn toward the sun as "Spiritualism turns toward the light of truth".
The family's place as early angiosperms means that research into its taxonomy and evolutionary history contributes to our broader understanding of the evolution of plant life. [citation needed] The development of DNA sequencing at the end of the 20th century had a profound impact on the research of phylogenetic relationships within the family.
Secondly it must be a system, i.e. deal with the relationships of plants. Although thinking about relationships of plants had started much earlier (see history of plant systematics), such systems really only came into being in the 19th century, as a result of an ever-increasing influx from all over the world of newly discovered plant species ...