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  2. Magnetic refrigeration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_refrigeration

    The magnetic field is held constant to prevent the dipoles from reabsorbing the heat. Once sufficiently cooled, the magnetocaloric substance and the coolant are separated (H=0). Adiabatic demagnetization: The substance is returned to another adiabatic (insulated) condition so the total entropy remains constant. However, this time the magnetic ...

  3. Refrigeration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration

    Magnetic refrigeration, or adiabatic demagnetization, is a cooling technology based on the magnetocaloric effect, an intrinsic property of magnetic solids. The refrigerant is often a paramagnetic salt, such as cerium magnesium nitrate. The active magnetic dipoles in this case are those of the electron shells of the paramagnetic atoms.

  4. Demagnetizing field - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demagnetizing_field

    The demagnetizing field, also called the stray field (outside the magnet), is the magnetic field (H-field) [1] generated by the magnetization in a magnet.The total magnetic field in a region containing magnets is the sum of the demagnetizing fields of the magnets and the magnetic field due to any free currents or displacement currents.

  5. Quantum heat engines and refrigerators - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_heat_engines_and...

    Segment demagnetization or adiabatic expansion reducing the energy gaps in the Hamiltonian, characterized by the propagator . The propagator of the four stroke cycle becomes , which is the ordered product of the segment propagators:

  6. Superconducting magnetic energy storage - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting_magnetic...

    Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) systems store energy in the magnetic field created by the flow of direct current in a superconducting coil that has been cryogenically cooled to a temperature below its superconducting critical temperature. This use of superconducting coils to store magnetic energy was invented by M. Ferrier in 1970.

  7. Dilution refrigerator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilution_refrigerator

    The refrigeration process uses a mixture of two isotopes of helium: helium-3 and helium-4.When cooled below approximately 870 millikelvins, the mixture undergoes spontaneous phase separation to form a 3 He-rich phase (the concentrated phase) and a 3 He-poor phase (the dilute phase).

  8. Thermoremanent magnetization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoremanent_magnetization

    A common procedure in paleomagnetism is stepwise demagnetization, in which the sample is heated to a series of temperatures ,, …, cooling to room temperature and measuring the remaining remanence in between each heating step. The series of remanences can be plotted in a variety of ways, depending on the application.

  9. Magnetic Thermodynamic Systems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_Thermodynamic_Systems

    Assuming the external magnetic field is uniform and shares a common axis with the paramagnet, the extensive parameter characterizing the magnetic state is , the magnetic dipole moment of the system. The fundamental thermodynamic relation describing the system will then be of the form U = U ( S , V , I , N ) {\displaystyle U=U(S,V,I,N)} .