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The base layer should be 6" deep for walkways, or 12" deep for driveways. [10] The base material should either be 3/4" crushed stone (to allow water to drain through it) for a 1/4" crushed stone bedding, or 3/4" minus crushed stone (to prevent sand from sinking through it) for a concrete sand bedding. The base should be compacted every 6".
The gravel used consists of varying amount of crushed stone, sand, and fines. Fines are silt or clay particles smaller than .075 millimetres (0.0030 in), which can act as a binder. Crushed stone, also called road metal, is used because gravel with fractured faces will stay in place better than rounded river pebbles.
Size of stones was central to McAdam's road building theory. The lower 200-millimetre (7.9 in) road thickness was restricted to stones no larger than 75 millimetres (3.0 in). Modern tarmac was patented by British civil engineer Edgar Purnell Hooley, who noticed that spilled tar on the roadway kept the dust down and created a smooth surface. [12]
In the United Kingdom, the usual size of a modern brick (from 1965) [46] is 215 mm × 102.5 mm × 65 mm (8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in × 4 in × 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 in), which, with a nominal 10 millimetres (3 ⁄ 8 in) mortar joint, forms a unit size of 225 by 112.5 by 75 millimetres (9 in × 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 in × 3 in), for a ratio of 6:3:2.
Crushed stone or angular rock is a form of construction aggregate, typically produced by mining a suitable rock deposit and breaking the removed rock down to the desired size using crushers. It is distinct from naturally occurring gravel , which is produced by natural processes of weathering and erosion and typically has a more rounded shape.
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