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In this vein, the discriminant is a symmetric function in the roots that reflects properties of the roots – it is zero if and only if the polynomial has a multiple root, and for quadratic and cubic polynomials it is positive if and only if all roots are real and distinct, and negative if and only if there is a pair of distinct complex ...
In the case of two nested square roots, the following theorem completely solves the problem of denesting. [2]If a and c are rational numbers and c is not the square of a rational number, there are two rational numbers x and y such that + = if and only if is the square of a rational number d.
The modular square root of can be taken this way. Having solved the associated quadratic equation we now have the variables w {\displaystyle w} and set v {\displaystyle v} = r {\displaystyle r} (if C {\displaystyle C} in the quadratic is a natural square).
A method analogous to piece-wise linear approximation but using only arithmetic instead of algebraic equations, uses the multiplication tables in reverse: the square root of a number between 1 and 100 is between 1 and 10, so if we know 25 is a perfect square (5 × 5), and 36 is a perfect square (6 × 6), then the square root of a number greater than or equal to 25 but less than 36, begins with ...
The square root of a positive integer is the product of the roots of its prime factors, because the square root of a product is the product of the square roots of the factors. Since p 2 k = p k , {\textstyle {\sqrt {p^{2k}}}=p^{k},} only roots of those primes having an odd power in the factorization are necessary.
We are not taking the square root of any negative values here, since both and are necessarily positive. But we have lost the solution x = − 2. {\displaystyle x=-2.} The reason is that x {\displaystyle x} is actually not in general the positive square root of x 2 . {\displaystyle x^{2}.}
The square root of 2, often known as root 2 or Pythagoras' constant, and written as √ 2, is the unique positive real number that, when multiplied by itself, gives the number 2. It is more precisely called the principal square root of 2 , to distinguish it from the negative number with the same property.
The principal square root of a real positive semidefinite matrix is real. [3] The principal square root of a positive definite matrix is positive definite; more generally, the rank of the principal square root of A is the same as the rank of A. [3] The operation of taking the principal square root is continuous on this set of matrices. [4]