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From Grand Duchy to a Modern State: A Political History of Finland Since 1809 (Hurst & Co. 1999). Kan, Aleksander. "Storfurstendömet Finland 1809–1917 – dess autonomi enligt den nutida finska historieskrivningen" (in Swedish) ["Autonomous Finland 1809–1917 in contemporary Finnish historiography"] Historisk Tidskrift, 2008, Issue 1, pp. 3 ...
the Military of the Grand Duchy of Finland was made subject to Russian rules of military service. The Language Manifesto of 1900, a decree by Nicholas II which made Russian the language of administration of Finland (in 1900, there were an estimated 8,000 Russians in all of Finland, of a population of 2,700,000)—the Finns saw this as placing ...
The governor-general was constitutionally the chairman of the Senate of Finland, the government in the autonomous grand duchy. The chairmanship he represented, with two votes in the Senate, belonged to the grand duke of Finland, a title held by the emperor of Russia. The governor-general was the highest representative of the emperor and ...
This is a list of heads of state of Finland; that is, the kings of Sweden with regents and viceroys of the Kalmar Union, the grand dukes of Finland, a title used by most Swedish monarchs and Russian emperors, up to the two-year regency following the independence in 1917, with a brief flirtation with a truly domestic monarchy.
So-called Amiraalisenaatti (government of the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1909–1917) in 1915. At the end of the table on the left Franz Albert Seyn and on the right Mikhail Borovitinov . The building from above in the 1960s
Bobrikov quickly became very unpopular and hated in Finland as he was an adamant supporter of the curtailing of the grand duchy's extensive autonomy, which had in the late 1800s come into conflict with Russian ambitions of a unified and indivisible Russian state.
In the Treaty of Fredrikshamn on September 17, 1809 Sweden was obliged to cede all its territory in Finland, east of the Torne River, to Russia. The ceded territories became a part of the Russian Empire and was reconstituted into the Grand Duchy of Finland, with the Russian Tsar as Grand Duke.
The history of Aulanko in its current form began in the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1883. Captain Hugo Standertskjöld, who later became a colonel, purchased the Karlberg estate located on the shores of Lake Vanajavesi from Major General Georg Eberhard Galindo, who, like Standertskjöld, had served in Imperial Russia.