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The Columbian exchange, also known as the Columbian interchange, was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, precious metals, commodities, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the New World (the Americas) in the Western Hemisphere, and the Old World (Afro-Eurasia) in the Eastern Hemisphere, in the late 15th and following centuries. [1]
This timeline of European exploration lists major geographic discoveries and other firsts credited to or involving Europeans during the Age of Discovery and the following centuries, between the years AD 1418 and 1957. Despite several significant transoceanic and transcontinental explorations by European civilizations in the preceding centuries ...
Alexander von Humboldt was born in Berlin in Prussia on 14 September 1769. 17 He was baptized as a baby in the Lutheran faith, with the Duke of Brunswick serving as godfather. 18. His father, Alexander Georg von Humboldt (1720-1779), belonged to a prominent German noble family from Pomerania.
The era of European and American voyages of scientific exploration followed the Age of Discovery [1] and were inspired by a new confidence in science and reason that arose in the Age of Enlightenment. Maritime expeditions in the Age of Discovery were a means of expanding colonial empires, establishing new trade routes and extending diplomatic ...
European exploration initiated the Columbian exchange between the Old World (Europe, Asia, and Africa) and the New World (the Americas and Australia). This exchange involved the transfer of plants, animals, human populations (including slaves), communicable diseases, and culture across the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.
The post-1492 era is known as the period of the Columbian exchange, a dramatically widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations (including slaves), ideas, and communicable disease between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres following Columbus's voyages to the Americas.
The history of zoology before Charles Darwin 's 1859 theory of evolution traces the organized study of the animal kingdom from ancient to modern times. Although the concept of zoology as a single coherent field arose much later, systematic study of zoology is seen in the works of Aristotle and Galen in the ancient Greco-Roman world.
Global average temperatures show that the Little Ice Age was not a distinct planet-wide period but a regional phenomenon occurring near the end of a long temperature decline that preceded recent global warming. [ 1 ] The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of regional cooling, particularly pronounced in the North Atlantic region. [ 2 ]