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A mitochondrion (pl. mitochondria) is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi. Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used throughout the cell as a source of chemical energy. [2]
The energy used by human cells in an adult requires the hydrolysis of 100 to 150 mol/L of ATP daily, which means a human will typically use their body weight worth of ATP over the course of the day. [30] Each equivalent of ATP is recycled 1000–1500 times during a single day (150 / 0.1 = 1500), [29] at approximately 9×10 20 molecules/s. [29]
Among the many-celled groups are animals and plants. The number of cells in these groups vary with species; it has been estimated that the human body contains around 37 trillion (3.72×10 13) cells, [7] and more recent studies put this number at around 30 trillion (~36 trillion cells in the male, ~28 trillion in the female). [8]
Plant communication encompasses communication using volatile organic compounds, electrical signaling, and common mycorrhizal networks between plants and a host of other organisms such as soil microbes, [1] other plants [2] (of the same or other species), animals, [3] insects, [4] and fungi. [5] Plants communicate through a host of volatile ...
meiosis. produces four genetically unique cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as in the parent. mitosis. produces two genetically identical cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as in the parent. Meiosis begins with a diploid cell, which contains two copies of each chromosome, termed homologs.
Mitosis in the animal cell cycle (phases ordered counter-clockwise). Mitosis divides the chromosomes in a cell nucleus. Onion cells in different phases of the cell cycle enlarged 800 diameters. Mitosis (/ maɪˈtoʊsɪs /) is a part of the cell cycle in which replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei.
Osmosis is the movement of a solvent across a semipermeable membrane toward a higher concentration of solute. In biological systems, the solvent is typically water, but osmosis can occur in other liquids, supercritical liquids, and even gases. [11][12] When a cell is submerged in water, the water molecules pass through the cell membrane from an ...
Saltiness is a taste produced best by the presence of cations (such as Na +, K + or Li +) [64] and is directly detected by cation influx into glial like cells via leak channels causing depolarisation of the cell. [64] Other monovalent cations, e.g., ammonium, NH + 4, and divalent cations of the alkali earth metal group of the periodic table, e ...