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The section lift coefficient is based on two-dimensional flow over a wing of infinite span and non-varying cross-section so the lift is independent of spanwise effects and is defined in terms of ′, the lift force per unit span of the wing. The definition becomes
The above lift equation neglects the skin friction forces, which are small compared to the pressure forces. By using the streamwise vector i parallel to the freestream in place of k in the integral, we obtain an expression for the pressure drag D p (which includes the pressure portion of the profile drag and, if the wing is three-dimensional ...
The force on a rotating cylinder is an example of Kutta–Joukowski lift, [2] named after Martin Kutta and Nikolay Zhukovsky (or Joukowski), mathematicians who contributed to the knowledge of how lift is generated in a fluid flow. [3]
Lift coefficient (C L or C Z) (aerodynamics) (dimensionless) - Relates the lift generated by an airfoil with the dynamic pressure of the fluid flow around the airfoil, and the planform area of the airfoil. Ballistic coefficient (BC) (aerodynamics) (units of kg/m 2) - A measure of a body's ability to overcome air resistance in flight. BC is a ...
For small angle of attack starting flow, the vortex sheet follows a planar path, and the curve of the lift coefficient as function of time is given by the Wagner function. [9] In this case the initial lift is one half of the final lift given by the Kutta–Joukowski formula. [10] The lift attains 90% of its steady state value when the wing has ...
To achieve the extra lift, the lift coefficient, and so the angle of attack, will have to be higher than it would be in straight and level flight at the same speed. Therefore, given that the stall always occurs at the same critical angle of attack, [ 32 ] by increasing the load factor (e.g. by tightening the turn) the critical angle will be ...
where C L and C D are lift coefficient and drag coefficient respectively. Each coefficient is a function of the angle of attack and Reynolds number . As the angle of attack increases lift rises rapidly from the no lift angle before slowing its increase and then decreasing, with a sharp drop as the stall angle is reached and flow is disrupted.
The morphism h is a lift of f (commutative diagram). In category theory, a branch of mathematics, given a morphism f: X → Y and a morphism g: Z → Y, a lift or lifting of f to Z is a morphism h: X → Z such that f = g∘h.