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The caudal vertebrae often articulate with haemal arches ventrally. [1] The number of caudal vertebrae in animals can vary greatly. Anguid lizards have been reported to have as many as 111 caudal vertebrae, [1] whereas as few as seven are present in the tail of the early therapsid Tapinocaninus. [2] In lepidosaurs and captorhinids, the caudal ...
Anterior thoracic vertebrae are fused in many birds and articulate with the notarium of the pectoral girdle. [13] Diagram of a general bird pelvic girdle skeleton including the lower vertebral column sections. Note that the caudal vertebrae (5–10) are not fused in this diagram but can be in certain species.
The vertebrae fit together in a ball-and-socket articulation, in which the convex articular feature of an anterior vertebra acts as the ball to the socket of a caudal vertebra. [25] This type of connection permits a wide range of motion in most directions, while still protecting the underlying nerve cord.
The extra lumbar and thoracic vertebrae account for the cat's enhanced spinal mobility and flexibility, compared to humans. The caudal vertebrae form the tail, used by the cat as a counterbalance to the body during quick movements. Between their vertebrae, they have elastic discs, useful for cushioning the jump landings. Cat skeleton
Truncal vertebrae (divided into thoracic and lumbar vertebrae in mammals) lie caudal (toward the tail) of cervical vertebrae. [1] In sauropsid species, the cervical vertebrae bear cervical ribs . In lizards and saurischian dinosaurs, the cervical ribs are large; in birds , they are small and completely fused to the vertebrae.
This stylised bird skeleton highlights the synsacrum Pelvis of a Gull; formed by the Synsacrum (fused vertebrae placed centrally) and the two innominate bones either side. The synsacrum is a skeletal structure of birds and other dinosaurs, in which the sacrum is extended by incorporation of additional fused or partially fused caudal or lumbar ...
The sacral vertebrae are fused with the lumbar vertebrae, and some thoracic and caudal vertebrae, to form a single structure, the synsacrum, which is thus of greater relative length than the sacrum of mammals. In living birds, the remaining caudal vertebrae are fused into a further bone, the pygostyle, for attachment of the tail feathers. [26]
For instance, the S1–S5 vertebrae of a horse will fuse, the S1–S3 of a dog will fuse, and four pelvic vertebrae of a rat will fuse between the lumbar and the caudal vertebrae of its tail. [ 3 ] The Stegosaurus dinosaur had a greatly enlarged neural canal in the sacrum, characterized as a " posterior brain case ".