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The Czochralski method, also Czochralski technique or Czochralski process, is a method of crystal growth used to obtain single crystals of semiconductors (e.g. silicon, germanium and gallium arsenide), metals (e.g. palladium, platinum, silver, gold), salts and synthetic gemstones.
The axiomatic method of Euclid's Elements was influential in the development of Western science. [1]Mathematical practice comprises the working practices of professional mathematicians: selecting theorems to prove, using informal notations to persuade themselves and others that various steps in the final proof are convincing, and seeking peer review and publication, as opposed to the end ...
Jan Czochralski (Polish pronunciation: [ˈjan t͡ʂɔˈxralskʲi]; 23 October 1885 – 22 April 1953) was a Polish chemist who invented the Czochralski method, which is used for growing single crystals and in the production of semiconductor wafers. It is still used in over 90 percent of all electronics in the world that use semiconductors. [1]
The string ribbon method, also known as dendritic web or edge-supported pulling, has been used to grow semiconductor sheets including indium antimonide, gallium arsenide, germanium, and silicon. [13] A seed crystal with the width and thickness matching the sheet to be grown is dipped into the top surface of the melt.
The Bridgman method is a popular way of producing certain semiconductor crystals such as gallium arsenide, for which the Czochralski method is more difficult. The process can reliably produce single-crystal ingots, but does not necessarily result in uniform properties through the crystal. [1] Diagram of the Bridgman-Stockbarger method
A teacher should support students with devising their own plan with a question method that goes from the most general questions to more particular questions, with the goal that the last step to having a plan is made by the student. He maintains that just showing students a plan, no matter how good it is, does not help them.
An artificially produced word problem is a genre of exercise intended to keep mathematics relevant. Stephen Leacock described this type: [1] The student of arithmetic who has mastered the first four rules of his art and successfully striven with sums and fractions finds himself confronted by an unbroken expanse of questions known as problems ...
Information bottleneck method; Inverse chain rule method ; Inverse transform sampling method (probability) Iterative method (numerical analysis) Jacobi method (linear algebra) Largest remainder method (voting systems) Level-set method; Linear combination of atomic orbitals molecular orbital method (molecular orbitals) Method of characteristics