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The dual graph is a representation of how variables are constrained in the dual problem. More precisely, the dual graph contains a node for each dual variable and an edge for every constraint between them. In addition, the edge between two variables is labeled by the original variables that are enforced equal between these two dual variables.
In computer programming, duplicate code is a sequence of source code that occurs more than once, either within a program or across different programs owned or maintained by the same entity. Duplicate code is generally considered undesirable for a number of reasons. [ 1 ]
A module here refers to a subroutine of any kind, i.e. a set of one or more statements having a name and preferably its own set of variable names. Content coupling (high) Content coupling is said to occur when one module uses the code of another module, for instance a branch. This violates information hiding – a basic software design concept.
That algorithm enforces two constraints: children precede their parents and if a class inherits from multiple classes, they are kept in the order specified in the tuple of base classes (however in this case, some classes high in the inheritance graph may precede classes lower in the graph [10]). Thus, the method resolution order is: D, B, C, A.
When treating categorical variables such as ethnic groups and experimental treatments as independent variables in moderated regression, one needs to code the variables so that each code variable represents a specific setting of the categorical variable. There are three basic ways of coding: dummy-variable coding, contrast coding and effects coding.
The image of a function f(x 1, x 2, …, x n) is the set of all values of f when the n-tuple (x 1, x 2, …, x n) runs in the whole domain of f.For a continuous (see below for a definition) real-valued function which has a connected domain, the image is either an interval or a single value.
The base case is the trivial subproblem, which occurs for a 1 × n board. The number of solutions for this board is either zero or one, depending on whether the vector is a permutation of n / 2 ( 0 , 1 ) {\displaystyle (0,1)} and n / 2 ( 1 , 0 ) {\displaystyle (1,0)} pairs or not.
Multiple comparisons arise when a statistical analysis involves multiple simultaneous statistical tests, each of which has a potential to produce a "discovery". A stated confidence level generally applies only to each test considered individually, but often it is desirable to have a confidence level for the whole family of simultaneous tests. [4]