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Janet E. Helms is an American research psychologist known for her study of ethnic minority issues. [1] A scholar, author and educator, she is most known for her racial identity theory that is applied to multiple disciplines, including education and law. [2] She received the 2006 Award for Distinguished Contributions to Education and Training in ...
The White racial identity attitude scale was developed by African American Psychologists, Janet Helms and Robert Carter in 1990. It was designed and consists of 50 items to help understand the attitudes reflecting the five-status model of the White racial identity development (contact, disintegration, reintegration/pseudo independence, immersion/emersion, and autonomy). [5]
Kenneth Bancroft Clark (July 24, 1914 – May 1, 2005) [1] and Mamie Phipps Clark (April 18, 1917 – August 11, 1983) [2] were American psychologists who as a married team conducted research among children and were active in the Civil Rights Movement. They founded the Northside Center for Child Development in Harlem and the organization Harlem ...
The racial achievement gap in the United States refers to disparities in educational achievement between differing ethnic/racial groups. [1] It manifests itself in a variety of ways: African-American and Hispanic students are more likely to earn lower grades, score lower on standardized tests, drop out of high school, and they are less likely to enter and complete college than whites, while ...
William E. Cross Jr. (born 1940) is a theorist and researcher in the field of ethnic identity development, specifically Black identity development. [ 1 ] He is best known for his nigrescence model, first detailed in a 1971 publication, and his book, Shades of Black, published in 1991. Cross's nigrescence model expanded upon the work of Black ...
Ethnic identity development. Ethnic identity development includes the identity formation in an individual's self-categorization in, and psychological attachment to, (an) ethnic group (s). Ethnic identity is characterized as part of one's overarching self-concept and identification. It is distinct from the development of ethnic group identities.
The history of the race and intelligence controversy concerns the historical development of a debate about possible explanations of group differences encountered in the study of race and intelligence. Since the beginning of IQ testing around the time of World War I, there have been observed differences between the average scores of different ...
[60] [126] [127] Research published in 1997 indicates that part of the black–white gap in cognitive ability test scores is due to racial differences in test motivation. [128] Some researchers have suggested that stereotype threat should not be interpreted as a factor in real-life performance gaps, and have raised the possibility of ...