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ANSI and IEC standard schematic symbol for a circulator (with each waveguide or transmission line port drawn as a single line, rather than as a pair of conductors). In electrical engineering, a circulator is a passive, non-reciprocal three- or four-port device that only allows a microwave or radio-frequency (RF) signal to exit through the port directly after the one it entered.
A signal generator is one of a class of electronic devices that generates electrical signals with set properties of amplitude, frequency, and wave shape. These generated signals are used as a stimulus for electronic measurements, typically used in designing, testing, troubleshooting, and repairing electronic or electroacoustic devices, though it often has artistic uses as well.
An active circulator can be constructed using one of several different technologies. One early technology is the use of transistors as the active devices to perform the non-reciprocal function. [1] Varactor circuits are another technology, relying on a time-varying transmission line structure, driven by a separate pump signal. [2]
The simplest klystron tube is the two-cavity klystron. In this tube there are two microwave cavity resonators, the "catcher" and the "buncher". When used as an amplifier, the weak microwave signal to be amplified is applied to the buncher cavity through a coaxial cable or waveguide, and the amplified signal is extracted from the catcher cavity.
The internal load on the isolated port will dissipate the signal losses from port P 3 and port P 2. If the isolators in figure 20 are neglected, the isolation measurement (port P 2 to port P 3) determines the amount of power from the signal generator F 2 that will be injected into the signal generator F 1.
They can be found on LF, MF, HF, VHF, UHF, and microwave frequencies. Microwave beacons are also used as signal sources to test and calibrate antennas and receivers. [1] [2] The International Amateur Radio Union (IARU) and its member societies coordinate beacons established by radio amateurs.