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Indonesia has been called the "most ignored emitter" that "could be the one that dooms the global climate." [21] It is "one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases" (GHG). [22] 2013 measurements show Indonesia's total GHG emissions were 2161 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent which totaled 4.47 percent of the global total. [23]
The region surrounding Indonesia alone has an estimate of over seventeen hundred islands and a seascape of tropical isles in which pirates are able to seek refuge. [3] [4] In addition, numerous major naval forces that use to patrol high seas has declined by fifty percent and this has adversely propelled the rate of pirate attacks in Indonesia. [5]
The haze affected Indonesia from at least late June, [1] to the end of October, turning into an international problem for other countries in September. It was the latest occurrence of the Southeast Asian haze , a long-term issue that occurs in varying intensity during every dry season in the region. [ 10 ]
Indonesia, [c] officially the Republic of Indonesia, [d] is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian and Pacific oceans. Comprising over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea, Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and the 14th-largest country by area, at 1,904,569 square kilometres (735,358 square miles).
[2] [3] Caused primarily by slash-and-burn land clearing, the problem flares up every dry season to varying degrees [4] and generally is worst between July and October and during El Niño events. [5] Transboundary haze in Southeast Asia has been recorded since 1972 [ 6 ] with the 1997 and 2015 events being particularly severe.
Indonesia is a signatory to the Paris agreement, committing to reducing global greenhouse gas emissions by 29% by 2030. They have further agreed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation by 90% by 2030, this also includes restoring 12 million hectares of degraded peatlands and forest. [ 91 ]
Water supply and sanitation in Indonesia is characterized by poor levels of access and service quality. More than 16 million people lack access to an at least basic water source and almost 33 million of the country's 275 million population has no access to at least basic sanitation . [ 4 ]
In January 2012, it was reported that Indonesia has lost as much as Rp 2.13 trillion (US$238.6 million) to corruption in 2011. A study conducted by Indonesia Corruption Watch , a non-profit organization co-ordinated by Danang Widoyoko, said that embezzlement accounted for most of the money lost and that “ government investment was the sector ...