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In the first stroke of the word example, the PL combination refers to m. In the second stroke of the word, that same key combination refers to the two letters pl. English text rendered in steno shorthand. Many words have been abbreviated: this, of and from are chorded as th, f and fr, and machine and shorthand become mn and shand respectively.
A court reporter, court stenographer, or shorthand reporter [1] is a person whose occupation is to capture the live testimony in proceedings using a stenographic machine or a stenomask, thereby transforming the proceedings into an official certified transcript by nature of their training, certification, and usually licensure.
Gregg shorthand is a system of phonography, or a phonemic writing system, which means it records the sounds of the speaker, not the English spelling. [4] For example, it uses the f stroke for the / f / sound in funnel, telephone, and laugh, [8] and omits all silent letters. [4] The system is written from left to right and the letters are joined.
Below is a basic list of very common abbreviations. Because publishers adopt different practices regarding how abbreviations are printed, one may find abbreviations with or without periods for each letter. For example, the Code of Federal Regulations may appear abbreviated as "C.F.R." or just as "CFR".
The first modern shorthand systems were geometric. Examples include Pitman shorthand, Boyd's syllabic shorthand, Samuel Taylor's Universal Stenography, the French Prévost-Delaunay, and the Duployé system, adapted to write the Kamloops Wawa (used for Chinook Jargon) writing system. [29] Script shorthands are based on the motions of ordinary ...
Hearing reporters work at governmental agency hearings. Legislative reporters work in law-making bodies. [5] The demand for reporters is not limited in just the court settings. Reporters are also needed in conferences, meetings, conventions, investigations, [8] and a variety of industries with needs for employers with real-time data entry skills.
The Congressional Budget Office (CBO), for example, estimates that national debt will balloon to $50.7 trillion—122.4% of GDP—in 2034. As such, interest payments are expected to sit at around ...
Such a record was originally made by court stenographers who used a form of shorthand abbreviation to write as quickly as people spoke. Today, most court reporters use a specialized machine with a phonetic key system, typing a key or key combination for every sound a person utters. [1] Many courts worldwide have now begun to use digital ...