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According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, Cologne was a center of Jewish learning, and the "wise of Cologne" are frequently mentioned in rabbinical literature. [48] A characteristic of the Talmudic authorities of that city was their liberality. Many liturgical poems still in the Ashkenazic ritual were composed by poets of Cologne.
An 1806 French print depicts Napoleon Bonaparte emancipating the Jews. Jewish emancipation was the process in various nations in Europe of eliminating Jewish disabilities, to which European Jews were then subject, and the recognition of Jews as entitled to equality and citizenship rights. [1]
B. Levinson, a Jewish Texan civic leader, arrived in 1861. [3] Today the vast majority of Jewish Texans are descendants of Ashkenazi Jews, those from central and eastern Europe whose families arrived in Texas after the Civil War or later. [1] Organized Judaism in Texas began in Galveston with the establishment of Texas' first Jewish cemetery in ...
Cologne, The Jewish Publication Society of America, Philadelphia 1940 (available online)."Jewish Monuments of the Middle Ages in Germany. One Hundred and Ten Tombstone Inscriptions from Speyer, Cologne, Nuremberg and Worms (1085-c. 1428), Part 1," in: Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 14 (1944). p. 149–220, Part 2, in: ibidem 15 (1945). p. 1–91.
The Jewish community in Cologne has the longest history in Germany, being first mentioned in 321. Expelled in 1424, the Jews did not return to Cologne until 1798. In 1815 the community numbered 150, growing to 8000 in 1895, and 18,281 by 1933, [ 2 ] the largest in Germany after Berlin.
On March 17, 1808, French Emperor Napoleon I made three decrees [1] in an attempt to promote the equality of Jews and integrate them into French society, building on the Jewish Emancipation of 1790–1791.
Magnus, Shulamit S. Jewish emancipation in a German city: Cologne, 1798-1871 ( Stanford University Press, 1997). Ragins, Sanford. Jewish Responses to Anti-Semitism in Germany, 1870-1914: A Study in the History of Ideas (ISD, 1980.
The social emancipation of the Jew is the emancipation of society from Judaism." [3] According to Otto Dov Kulka [4] of Hebrew University, the term became widespread in the 19th century when it was used in discussions about Jewish emancipation in Germany (Judenfrage). [1]