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  2. Telomeric repeat–containing RNA - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomeric_repeat...

    Telomeric repeat–containing RNA (TERRA) is a long non-coding RNA transcribed from telomeres - repetitive nucleotide regions found on the ends of chromosomes that function to protect DNA from deterioration or fusion with neighboring chromosomes. TERRA has been shown to be ubiquitously expressed in almost all cell types containing linear ...

  3. Transcription (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(biology)

    Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA for the purpose of gene expression.Some segments of DNA are transcribed into RNA molecules that can encode proteins, called messenger RNA (mRNA).

  4. RNA - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA

    RNA is transcribed with only four bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil), [19] but these bases and attached sugars can be modified in numerous ways as the RNAs mature. Pseudouridine (Ψ), in which the linkage between uracil and ribose is changed from a C–N bond to a C–C bond, and ribothymidine (T) are found in various places (the ...

  5. Eukaryotic transcription - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_transcription

    As Pol II reaches the end of a gene, two protein complexes carried by the CTD, CPSF (cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor) and CSTF (cleavage stimulation factor), recognize the poly-A signal in the transcribed RNA. [35] Poly-A-bound CPSF and CSTF recruit other proteins to carry out RNA cleavage and then polyadenylation.

  6. Primary transcript - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_transcript

    Based on the needs of a given cell, certain DNA sequences are transcribed to produce a variety of RNA products to be translated into functional proteins for cellular use. To initiate the transcription process in a cell's nucleus, DNA double helices are unwound and hydrogen bonds connecting compatible nucleic acids of DNA are broken to produce ...

  7. RNA-Seq - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-Seq

    Sequencing RNA in its native form preserves modifications like methylation, allowing them to be investigated directly and simultaneously. [21] Another benefit of single-molecule RNA-Seq is that transcripts can be covered in full length, allowing for higher confidence isoform detection and quantification compared to short-read sequencing.

  8. Protein biosynthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis

    Protein synthesis can be divided broadly into two phases: transcription and translation. During transcription, a section of DNA encoding a protein, known as a gene, is converted into a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA). This conversion is carried out by enzymes, known as RNA polymerases, in the nucleus of the cell. [2]

  9. Respiratory tract - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_tract

    In the lungs, oxygen from the inhaled air is transferred into the blood and circulated throughout the body. Carbon dioxide (CO 2) is transferred from returning blood back into gaseous form in the lungs and exhaled through the lower respiratory tract and then the upper, to complete the process of breathing.