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For example, if there is one social good and two taxpayers (A and B), their demand for social goods is represented by a and b; therefore, a+b is the total demand for social goods. The supply curve is shown by a'+b', indicating that goods are produced under conditions of increasing cost.
"Certainty of intention" means that it must be clear that the donor or testator wishes to create a trust; this is not dependent on any particular language used, and a trust can be created without the word "trust" being used, or even the donor knowing he is creating a trust. Since the 1950s, the courts have been more willing to conclude that ...
In many cases, the tax consequences of using the trust are better than the alternative, and trusts are therefore frequently used for legal tax avoidance. For an example see the "nil-band discretionary trust", explained at Inheritance Tax (United Kingdom). Co-ownership: Ownership of property by more than one person is facilitated by a trust. In ...
Certainty refers to the three certainties required for a trust to be valid. The trust instrument must show certainty of intention to create a trust, certainty of what the subject matter of the trust is, and certainty of who the beneficiaries (or objects) are. Where there is uncertainty for whatever reason, the trust will fail, although the ...
The term "grantor trust" also has a special meaning in tax law. A grantor trust is defined under the Internal Revenue Code as one in which the federal income tax consequences of the trust's investment activities are entirely the responsibility of the grantor or another individual who has unfettered power to take out all the assets. [20]
These are that the trust instrument must show certainty of intention to create a trust, certainty of what the subject matter of the trust is, and certainty of who the beneficiaries (or objects) are. [6] Where there is uncertainty for whatever reason, the trust will fail, although the courts have developed ways around this. [7]
In trust law, an express trust is a trust created "in express terms, and usually in writing, as distinguished from one inferred by the law from the conduct or dealings of the parties." [ 1 ] Property is transferred by a person (called a trustor, settlor , or grantor) to a transferee (called the trustee ), who holds the property for the benefit ...
In California, for example, it is a misdemeanor for the management of a business entity to willfully fail to remit trust-fund taxes such as any withholding from an employee's wages made pursuant to a state or local law, and if the amount of tax due exceeds $500 the class of crime becomes a felony (see California Labor Code Section 227).