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The present subjunctive is also used in purpose clauses with ut such as the following: [324] oportet ēsse [325] ut vīvās, nōn vīvere ut edās (Rhētorica ad Herennium) [326] 'you should eat so that you can live, not live so that you can eat' The present subjunctive may also be used in consecutive clauses following a present tense verb:
The present subjunctive edim, edīs, edit etc. is found mostly in early Latin. In writing, there is a possibility of confusion between the forms of this verb and those of sum "I am" and ēdō "I give out, put forth"; for example, ēsse "to eat" vs. esse "to be"; edit "he eats" vs. ēdit "he gives out".
Latin is a heavily inflected language with largely free word order. Nouns are inflected for number and case; pronouns and adjectives (including participles) are inflected for number, case, and gender; and verbs are inflected for person, number, tense, aspect, voice, and mood.
Latin word order is relatively free. The verb may be found at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence; an adjective may precede or follow its noun (vir bonus or bonus vir both mean 'a good man'); [5] and a genitive may precede or follow its noun ('the enemies' camp' can be both hostium castra and castra hostium; the latter is more common). [6]
Indirect commands are made with two constructions: either ut (or nē) with the present or imperfect subjunctive, or the accusative and infinitive construction, using the present infinitive. The latter construction is used especially when the main verb is iubeō 'I order' or vetō 'I forbid', but also sometimes after imperō 'I command': [ 184 ]
In Latin, most verbs have four principal parts.For example, the verb for "to carry" is given as portō – portāre – portāvī – portātum, where portō is the first-person singular present active indicative ("I carry"), portāre is the present active infinitive ("to carry"), portāvī is the first-person singular perfect active indicative ("I carried"), and portātum is the neuter supine.
The following uses the present subjunctive, since it follows a present tense verb: ille extemplō servolum iubet illum eundem persequī, sī quā queāt reperīre quae sustulerit (Plautus) [ 146 ] 'he immediately orders that same servant to make enquiries, (to see) if in any way he may be able to find the woman who picked up (the baby)'
Examples of 'subjunctive' dependent clauses - secondary future Inner Meaning Outer Meaning Paradigm Latin example English translation Comment imperfect in imperfect future in future 'present subjunctive' neque quaerēs, ubī nocte dormiat, aut sī quaesieris, prō singulīs injūriīs nūmerābis praesentēs dēnāriōs dūcēnōs. (Petronius) [42]