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Memory fragmentation is one of the most severe problems faced by system managers. [citation needed] Over time, it leads to degradation of system performance. Eventually, memory fragmentation may lead to complete loss of (application-usable) free memory. Memory fragmentation is a kernel programming level problem.
Region-based memory management works best when the number of regions is relatively small and each contains many objects; programs that contain many sparse regions will exhibit internal fragmentation, leading to wasted memory and a time overhead for region management. Again, in the presence of region inference this problem can be more difficult ...
In computing, fragmented objects are truly distributed objects.It is a novel design principle extending the traditional concept of stub based distribution. In contrast to distributed objects, they are physically distributed and encapsulate the distribution in the object itself.
Operating systems supporting virtual memory assign processes a virtual address space and each process refers to addresses in its execution context by a so-called virtual address. To access data such as code or variables at that address, the process must translate the address to a physical address in a process known as virtual address translation .
MS-DOS is an example of a system that allocates memory in this way. An embedded system running a single application might also use this technique. A system using single contiguous allocation may still multitask by swapping the contents of memory to switch among users. Early versions of the MUSIC operating system used this technique.
The Itanium architecture provides an option of using either software- or hardware-managed TLBs. [15] The Alpha architecture has a firmware-managed TLB, with the TLB miss handling code being in PALcode, rather than in the operating system. As the PALcode for a processor can be processor-specific and operating-system-specific, this allows ...
In computing, a memory barrier, also known as a membar, memory fence or fence instruction, is a type of barrier instruction that causes a central processing unit (CPU) or compiler to enforce an ordering constraint on memory operations issued before and after the barrier instruction. This typically means that operations issued prior to the ...
The torch package also simplifies object-oriented programming and serialization by providing various convenience functions which are used throughout its packages. The torch.class(classname, parentclass) function can be used to create object factories ().