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From the standpoint of chemistry, the noble gases may be divided into two groups: [citation needed] the relatively reactive krypton (ionisation energy 14.0 eV), xenon (12.1 eV), and radon (10.7 eV) on one side, and the very unreactive argon (15.8 eV), neon (21.6 eV), and helium (24.6 eV) on the other.
Argon Krypton Xenon Radon Oganesson; Solar System (for each atom of silicon) [20] 2343: 2.148: 0.1025: 5.515 × 10 −5: 5.391 × 10 −6 – – Earth's atmosphere (volume fraction in ppm) [21] 5.20: 18.20: 9340.00: 1.10: 0.09 (0.06–18) × 10 −19: 0 Igneous rock (mass fraction in ppm) [12] 3 × 10 −3: 7 × 10 −5: 4 × 10 −2 – – 1 ...
As of 2008, endohedral complexes with helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon have been created. [64] These compounds have found use in the study of the structure and reactivity of fullerenes by means of the nuclear magnetic resonance of the noble gas atom. [65] Bonding in XeF 2 according to the 3-center-4-electron bond model
Argon's complete octet of electrons indicates full s and p subshells. This full valence shell makes argon very stable and extremely resistant to bonding with other elements. Before 1962, argon and the other noble gases were considered to be chemically inert and unable to form compounds; however, compounds of the heavier noble gases have since ...
Krypton is used in some photographic flashes for high speed photography. Krypton gas is also combined with mercury to make luminous signs that glow with a bright greenish-blue light. [39] Krypton is mixed with argon in energy efficient fluorescent lamps, reducing the power consumption, but also reducing the light output and raising the cost. [40]
SpaceX developed a new thruster that used argon as propellant for their Starlink V2 mini. The new thruster had 2.4 times the thrust and 1.5 times the specific impulse as SpaceX's previous thruster that used krypton. [13] Argon is approximately 100 times less expensive than Krypton and 1000 times less expensive than Xenon. [24]
Ne, 10, neon : 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 Ar, 18, argon : 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 Kr, 36, krypton : 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 Xe, 54, xenon : 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 Rn, 86, radon : 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 6s 2 4f 14 5d 10 6p 6 Og, 118, oganesson : 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s ...
However, Ramsauer and Townsend, independently observed [2] [3] that for slow-moving electrons in argon, krypton, or xenon, the probability of collision between the electrons and gas atoms obtains a minimum value for electrons with a certain amount of kinetic energy (about 1 electron volts for xenon gas [4]). [5]