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Pulse-frequency modulation (PFM) is a modulation method for representing an analog signal using only two levels (1 and 0). It is analogous to pulse-width modulation (PWM), in which the magnitude of an analog signal is encoded in the duty cycle of a square wave .
Pulse-width modulation (PWM), also known as pulse-duration modulation (PDM) or pulse-length modulation (PLM), [1] is any method of representing a signal as a rectangular wave with a varying duty cycle (and for some methods also a varying period). PWM is useful for controlling the average power or amplitude delivered by an electrical signal.
Chirp modulation, or linear frequency modulation for digital communication, was patented by Sidney Darlington in 1954 with significant later work performed by Winkler [who?] in 1962. This type of modulation employs sinusoidal waveforms whose instantaneous frequency increases or decreases linearly over time.
A modulator is a device or circuit that performs modulation. ... the design of both the modulator and demodulator must be done simultaneously. ... Pulse-frequency ...
With fixed-frequency PWM modulation, as the (peak) output voltage approaches either of the supply rails, the pulse width can get so narrow as to challenge the ability of the driver circuit and the MOSFET to respond. These pulses can be as short as a few nanoseconds and can result in shoot through and heating due to linear mode operation.
In electronics and telecommunications, pulse shaping is the process of changing a transmitted pulses' waveform to optimize the signal for its intended purpose or the communication channel. This is often done by limiting the bandwidth of the transmission and filtering the pulses to control intersymbol interference .
Pulse compression is a signal processing technique commonly used by radar, sonar and echography to either increase the range resolution when pulse length is constrained or increase the signal to noise ratio when the peak power and the bandwidth (or equivalently range resolution) of the transmitted signal are constrained.
For all the chopper configurations operating from a fixed DC input voltage, the average value of the output voltage is controlled by periodic opening and closing of the switches used in the chopper circuit. The average output voltage can be controlled by different techniques namely: Pulse-width modulation; Frequency modulation
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