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  2. Jean-Paul Vinay - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Vinay

    Jean-Paul Vinay (18 July 1910 – 10 April 1999) was a French-Canadian linguist. He is considered one of the pioneers in translation studies , along with Jean Darbelnet , with whom Vinay co-authored Stylistique comparée du français et de l'anglais (1958), a seminal work in the field.

  3. Translation unit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_unit

    Vinay and Darbelnet took to Saussure's original concepts of the linguistic sign when beginning to discuss the idea of a single word as a translation unit. [1] According to Saussure, the sign is naturally arbitrary, so it can only derive meaning from contrast in other signs in that same system.

  4. Translation studies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_studies

    The discussions of equivalence accompanied typologies of translation solutions (also called "procedures", "techniques" or "strategies"), as in Fedorov (1953) and Vinay and Darbelnet (1958). In 1958, Loh Dianyang's Translation: Its Principles and Techniques (英汉翻译理论与技巧) drew on Fedorov and English linguistics to present a ...

  5. Contrastive linguistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrastive_linguistics

    While traditional linguistic studies had developed comparative methods (comparative linguistics), chiefly to demonstrate family relations between cognate languages, or to illustrate the historical developments of one or more languages, modern contrastive linguistics intends to show in what ways the two respective languages differ, in order to help in the solution of practical problems.

  6. Literal translation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation

    Literal translation, direct translation, or word-for-word translation is the translation of a text done by translating each word separately without analysing how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence. [1] In translation theory, another term for literal translation is metaphrase (as opposed to paraphrase for an analogous translation).

  7. Donald Trump sworn in as 47th president, declares 'America's ...

    www.aol.com/donald-trump-sworn-47th-president...

    WASHINGTON − Donald Trump was sworn in Monday as the 47th president of the United States, returning to the White House after overcoming four criminal indictments and two assassination attempts ...

  8. Equivalence (translation) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence_(translation)

    In translation and semantics, dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence are seen as the main approaches to translation that prioritize either the meaning or literal structure of the source text respectively. The distinction was originally articulated by Eugene Nida in the context of Bible translation.

  9. Translation-quality standards - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation-quality_standards

    The American translation-services standard is the ASTM F2575-06 Standard Guide for Quality Assurance in Translation. [5] It provides a framework for customers and translation-service providers desirous of agreeing on the specific requirements of a translation project.