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Double-die style struck coin from Ancient India, c 304-232 BCE featuring an elephant on one face and a lion on the other. Since that time, coins have been the most universal embodiment of money. These first coins were made of electrum, a naturally occurring pale yellow mixture of gold and silver that was further alloyed with silver and copper.
The use and export of silver coinage, along with soldiers paid in coins, contributed to the Athenian Empire's dominance of the region in the 5th century BC. The silver used was mined in southern Attica at Laurium and Thorikos by a huge workforce of slave labour. A major silver vein discovery at Laurium in 483 BC led to the huge expansion of the ...
Hyperpyron of Emperor Manuel I Komnenos (r. 1143–1180), showing its typical scyphate (cup-shaped) form.. The hyperpyron (Greek: νόμισμα ὑπέρπυρον nómisma hypérpyron) was a Byzantine coin in use during the late Middle Ages, replacing the solidus as the Byzantine Empire's standard gold coinage in the 11th century.
In the Holy Roman Empire, the right to mint coins, known as the Münzrecht, was granted by the emperor to individual feudal princes and cities. As in the Francia under Charlemagne , the empire initially minted coins itself but, from the 10th century, more and more fiefdoms and institutions were granted the right to mint coins.
Coins were an important means of disseminating this image throughout the Empire. [13] Coins often attempted to make the emperor appear god-like through associating the emperor with attributes normally seen in divinities, or emphasizing the special relationship between the emperor and a particular deity by producing a preponderance of coins ...
Benin Empire: 1180: 1897: 717 Bogd Khanate of Mongolia/Great Mongolian State 1911 1924 7 (broken up from 1915 to 1921) Bornu Empire: 1380: 1893: 513 Empire of Brazil: 1822: 1889: 67 Britannic Empire: 286: 296: 10 British Empire: 1583: 1997: 414 Bruneian Empire: 1368: 1888: 520 Bukhara Empire: 1501: 1785: 284 Bulgarian Empire (Great Bulgaria ...
Byzantine coins followed, and took to the furthest extreme, the tendency of precious metal coinage to get thinner and wider as time goes on. Late Byzantine gold coins became thin wafers that could be bent by hand. The Byzantine coinage had a prestige that lasted until near the end of the Empire.
5-sol French coin and silver coins – New France; Spanish-American coins- unofficial; Playing cards – 1685-1760s, sometimes officially New France; 15 and a 30-deniers coin known as the mousquetaire – early 17th century New France; Gold Louis – 1720 New France; Sol and Double Sol 1738–1764; English coins early 19th century