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This can be seen in the vowels in word-pairs such as rid / r ɪ d / and ride / r aɪ d /, in which the presence of the final, unpronounced e appears to alter the sound of the preceding i . An example with consonants is the word-pair loath (loʊθ) and loathe (loʊð), where the e can be understood as a marker of a voiced th .
Double consonants are common on morpheme borders where the initial or final sound of the suffix is the same as the final or initial sound of the stem (depending on the position of the suffix), after devoicing. Examples: przedtem /ˈpʂɛtːɛm/ – 'before, previously'; from przed (suffix 'before') + tem (archaic 'that')
There was a contrast between short consonant sounds, such as the /n/ in banan 'slayers', and long consonant sounds, such as the /nn/ in bannan 'summon': long consonants were represented in writing with double consonant letters. [3] Long consonants are also called geminate consonants (or just "geminates") from the Latin word geminus 'twin ...
Another extremely important feature of Estonian gradation is that, due to the greater loss of word-final segments (both consonants and vowels), the Estonian gradation is an almost entirely opaque process, where the consonant grade (short, long, or overlong) must be listed for each class of wordform.
Written consonant doubling often shows the vowel is checked; the i of dinner corresponds to checked / ɪ / because of the double consonants nn; the i of diner corresponds to free / aɪ / because of the single consonant n. This, however, interferes with the differences in doubling rules between American and British styles of spelling. [9]
When final nasal consonants are deleted, the nasality is maintained on the preceding vowel. When voiced stops are deleted, the length of the preceding vowel is maintained. Consonants remaining from reduced final clusters may be eligible for deletion. The deletion occurs especially if the final consonant is a nasal or a stop.