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Init is a daemon process that continues running until the system is shut down. It is the direct or indirect ancestor of all other processes and automatically adopts all orphaned processes . Init is started by the kernel during the booting process; a kernel panic will occur if the kernel is unable to start it, or it should die for any reason.
Historically this was the "SysV init", which was just called "init". More recent Linux distributions are likely to use one of the more modern alternatives such as systemd. Below is a summary of the main init processes: SysV init (a.k.a. simply "init") is similar to the Unix and BSD init processes, from which it
The name systemd adheres to the Unix convention of naming daemons by appending the letter d. [9] It also plays on the term "System D", which refers to a person's ability to adapt quickly and improvise to solve problems. [10] Since 2015, the majority of Linux distributions have adopted systemd, having replaced other init systems such as SysV ...
Instead, the system simply redefines the "parent PID" field in the child process's data to be the process that is the "ancestor" of every other process in the system, whose PID generally has the value of 1 (one), and whose name is traditionally "init" (except in the Linux kernel 3.4 and above [more info below]).
Copies process regions to swap space in order to reclaim physical pages of memory for the kernel. Also called sched. syslogd: System logger process that collects various system messages. syncd Periodically keeps the file systems synchronized with system memory. systemd: Replacement of init, the Unix program which spawns all other processes. xfsd
After the Linux kernel has booted, the /sbin/init program reads the /etc/inittab file to determine the behavior for each runlevel. Unless the user specifies another value as a kernel boot parameter , the system will attempt to enter (start) the default runlevel.
When a child process terminates before the parent has called wait, the kernel retains some information about the process, such as its exit status, to enable its parent to call wait later. [3] Because the child is still consuming system resources but not executing it is known as a zombie process .
launchd has two main tasks. The first is to boot the system, and the second is to load and maintain services.. Here is a simplified view of the Mac OS X Tiger system startup on a PowerPC Mac (on an Intel Mac, EFI replaces Open Firmware and boot.efi replaces BootX):