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The number 1/1730 derives from a circle of confusion diameter of 0.025 mm on a full-frame 35 mm film format, with diagonal size about 43.25 mm (43.25/0.025 is 1730). The CoC size of 0.025 mm for this format appears in Jacobson's Photographic Lenses Tutorial, [1] and the 1730 in his 1996 Photographic Lenses FAQ. [2]
If the bubble housing has graduated divisions, then the sensitivity is the angle or gradient change that moves the bubble by one of these divisions. 2 mm (0.079 in) is the usual spacing for graduations; on a surveyor's level, the bubble will move 2 mm (0.079 in) when the vial is tilted about 0.005 degree.
The f-number of the human eye varies from about f /8.3 in a very brightly lit place to about f /2.1 in the dark. [17] Computing the focal length requires that the light-refracting properties of the liquids in the eye be taken into account. Treating the eye as an ordinary air-filled camera and lens results in an incorrect focal length and f-number.
The circular bubble is used to roughly level the instrument in two dimensions. The plate level is then used, rotating it 90 degrees between readings to level the instrument more precisely. The Fell All-Way precision level, one of the first successful American made bull's eye levels for machine tool use, was invented by William B. Fell, Rockford ...
The common 1" outside diameter circular video camera tubes have a rectangular photo sensitive area about 16 mm on the diagonal, so a digital sensor with a 16 mm diagonal size is a 1" video tube equivalent. The name of a 1" digital sensor should more accurately be read as "one inch video camera tube equivalent" sensor.
Its transfer function decreases approximately gradually with spatial frequency until it reaches the diffraction-limit, in this case at 500 cycles per millimeter or a period of 2 μm. Since periodic features as small as this period are captured by this imaging system, it could be said that its resolution is 2 μm. [1]
where θ is the angular resolution , λ is the wavelength of light, and D is the diameter of the lens' aperture. The factor 1.22 is derived from a calculation of the position of the first dark circular ring surrounding the central Airy disc of the diffraction pattern. This number is more precisely 1.21966989...
The ratio of this measured beam parameter product to that of the ideal is defined as M 2, so that M 2 =1 describes an ideal beam. The M 2 value of a beam is conserved when it is transformed by diffraction-limited optics. The outputs of many low and moderately powered lasers have M 2 values of 1.2 or less, and are essentially diffraction-limited.