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Once the kernel has started, it starts the init process, [20] a daemon which then bootstraps the user space, for example by checking and mounting file systems, and starting up other processes. The init system is the first daemon to start (during booting) and the last daemon to terminate (during shutdown). Systemd load is a runlevel target to ...
Init is a daemon process that continues running until the system is shut down. It is the direct or indirect ancestor of all other processes and automatically adopts all orphaned processes . Init is started by the kernel during the booting process; a kernel panic will occur if the kernel is unable to start it, or it should die for any reason.
The systemd daemon serves as the root of the user space's process tree; the first process (PID 1) has a special role on Unix systems, as it replaces the parent of a process when the original parent terminates. Therefore, the first process is particularly well suited for the purpose of monitoring daemons.
This leaves the initial root file system at a mount point (such as /initrd) where normal boot scripts can later unmount it to free up memory held by the initrd. On an initramfs, the initial root file system cannot be rotated away. [10] Instead, it is simply emptied and the final root file system mounted over the top.
OpenRC is a dependency-based init system for Unix-like computer operating systems.It was created by Roy Marples, a NetBSD developer who was also active in the Gentoo project. [3] [4] It became more broadly adopted as an init system outside of Gentoo following the decision by some Linux distributions not to adopt systemd.
Linux distributions and other operating systems based on the Linux kernel which use Upstart as the default init system: Upstart is used in Google's ChromeOS and ChromiumOS. [8] Linux distributions that support or have supported Upstart to some extent, but moved away since or no longer use it as their default init system:
runit is an init and service management scheme for Unix-like Operating systems that initializes, supervises, and ends processes throughout the operating system. Runit is a reimplementation of the daemontools [3] process supervision toolkit that runs on many Linux-based operating systems, as well as BSD, and Solaris operating systems.
AIX does not follow the System V R4 (SVR4) runlevel specification, with runlevels from 0 to 9 available, as well as from a to c (or h). 0 and 1 are reserved, 2 is the default normal multi-user mode and runlevels from 3 to 9 are free to be defined by the administrator. Runlevels from a to c (or h) allow the execution of processes in that ...