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E. F. Codd mentioned nulls as a method of representing missing data in the relational model in a 1975 paper in the FDT Bulletin of ACM-SIGMOD.Codd's paper that is most commonly cited with the semantics of Null (as adopted in SQL) is his 1979 paper in the ACM Transactions on Database Systems, in which he also introduced his Relational Model/Tasmania, although much of the other proposals from ...
A NOT NULL constraint is functionally equivalent to the following check constraint with an IS NOT NULL predicate: . CHECK (column IS NOT NULL) Some relational database management systems are able to optimize performance when the NOT NULL constraint syntax is used as opposed to the CHECK constraint syntax given above.
In relational databases, the information schema (information_schema) is an ANSI-standard set of read-only views that provide information about all of the tables, views, columns, and procedures in a database. [1] It can be used as a source of the information that some databases make available through non-standard commands, such as:
The syntax of the SQL programming language is defined and maintained by ISO/IEC SC 32 as part of ISO/IEC 9075.This standard is not freely available. Despite the existence of the standard, SQL code is not completely portable among different database systems without adjustments.
Database systems usually implicitly create an index on a set of columns declared PRIMARY KEY, and some are capable of using an already-existing index to police this constraint. Many database systems require that both referencing and referenced sets of columns in a FOREIGN KEY constraint are indexed, thus improving performance of inserts ...
In PostgreSQL, a useful partial index might be defined as: create index partial_status on txn_table ( status ) where status in ( 'A' , 'P' , 'W' ); This index would not bother storing any of the millions of rows that have reached "final" status, 'F', and would allow queries looking for transactions that still "need work" to efficiently search ...
So far PostgreSQL is the only vendor to have announced a live product with this specific feature, in PostgreSQL 9.5. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Other vendors have described some similar features, [ 2 ] including Oracle , [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Netezza 'zone maps', [ 7 ] Infobright 'data packs', [ 8 ] MonetDB [ 9 ] and Apache Hive with ORC/Parquet.
A commonly used CREATE command is the CREATE TABLE command. The typical usage is: CREATE TABLE [table name] ( [column definitions]) [table parameters] The column definitions are: A comma-separated list consisting of any of the following; Column definition: [column name] [data type] {NULL | NOT NULL} {column options}