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The following is a list of integrals (antiderivative functions) of logarithmic functions. For a complete list of integral functions, see list of integrals. Note: x > 0 is assumed throughout this article, and the constant of integration is omitted for simplicity.
Plot of the logarithmic integral function li(z) in the complex plane from -2-2i to 2+2i with colors created with Mathematica 13.1 function ComplexPlot3D. In mathematics, the logarithmic integral function or integral logarithm li(x) is a special function. It is relevant in problems of physics and has number theoretic significance.
If the function f does not have any continuous antiderivative which takes the value zero at the zeros of f (this is the case for the sine and the cosine functions), then sgn(f(x)) ∫ f(x) dx is an antiderivative of f on every interval on which f is not zero, but may be discontinuous at the points where f(x) = 0.
Therefore, the left hand blue area, which is the integral of f(x) from t to tu is the same as the integral from 1 to u. This justifies the equality (2) with a more geometric proof. A visual proof of the product formula of the natural logarithm. The power formula ln(t r) = r ln(t) may be derived in a similar way:
Such complex logarithm functions are analogous to the real logarithm function: >, which is the inverse of the real exponential function and hence satisfies e ln x = x for all positive real numbers x. Complex logarithm functions can be constructed by explicit formulas involving real-valued functions, by integration of 1 / z {\displaystyle 1/z ...
To compute the integral, we set n to its value and use the reduction formula to express it in terms of the (n – 1) or (n – 2) integral. The lower index integral can be used to calculate the higher index ones; the process is continued repeatedly until we reach a point where the function to be integrated can be computed, usually when its index is 0 or 1.
A complex-analysis version of this method [4] is to consider ! as a Taylor coefficient of the exponential function = =!, computed by Cauchy's integral formula as ! = | | = +. This line integral can then be approximated using the saddle-point method with an appropriate choice of contour radius r = r n {\displaystyle r=r_{n}} .
Known closed-form evaluations of the dilogarithm at special arguments are collected in the table below. Arguments in the first column are related by reflection x ↔ 1−x or inversion x ↔ 1 ⁄ x to either x = 0 or x = −1; arguments in the third column are all interrelated by these operations. Maximon (2003) discusses the 17th to 19th ...