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An operational amplifier (often op amp or opamp) is a DC-coupled electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input, a (usually) single-ended output, [1] and an extremely high gain. Its name comes from its original use of performing mathematical operations in analog computers .
For an amplifier in which negative feedback reduces the gain to below the open-loop gain, the gain–bandwidth product of the closed-loop amplifier will be approximately equal to that of the open-loop amplifier. "The parameter characterizing the frequency dependence of the operational amplifier gain is the finite gain–bandwidth product (GB)." [3]
In this case, an external push–pull amplifier can be controlled by the current into and out of the operational amplifier. Thus, the operational amplifier may itself operate within its factory specified bounds while still allowing the negative feedback path to include a large output signal well outside of those bounds. [1]
The operational amplifier integrator is an electronic integration circuit. Based on the operational amplifier (op-amp), it performs the mathematical operation of integration with respect to time; that is, its output voltage is proportional to the input voltage integrated over time.
Log amplifier circuits designed with operational amplifiers (opamps) use the exponential current–voltage relationship of a p–n junction (either from a diode or bipolar junction transistor) as negative feedback to compute the logarithm. Multistage log amplifiers instead cascade multiple simple amplifiers to approximate the logarithm's curve.
Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are commonly employed to carry out the amplification of the signal in the signal conditioning stage. In some transducers , signal conditioning is integrated with the sensor, for example in Hall effect sensors .
The operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) is an amplifier that outputs a current proportional to its input voltage. Thus, it is a voltage controlled current source . Three types of OTAs are single-input single-output, differential-input single-output, and differential-input differential-output (a.k.a. fully differential), [ 1 ] however ...
Instrumentation amplifiers are used where great accuracy and stability of the circuit both short- and long-term are required. Although the instrumentation amplifier is usually shown schematically identical to a standard operational amplifier (op-amp), the electronic instrumentation amplifier is almost always internally composed of 3 op-amps ...