Search results
Results From The WOW.Com Content Network
The predicate calculus goes a step further than the propositional calculus to an "analysis of the inner structure of propositions" [4] It breaks a simple sentence down into two parts (i) its subject (the object (singular or plural) of discourse) and (ii) a predicate (a verb or possibly verb-clause that asserts a quality or attribute of the object(s)).
This is an imperfect analogy with chemistry, since a chemical molecule may sometimes have only one atom, as in monatomic gases.) [49] The definition that "nothing else is a formula", given above as Definition 3, excludes any formula from the language which is not specifically required by the other definitions in the syntax. [37]
A set of sentences is called a theory; thus, individual sentences may be called theorems. To properly evaluate the truth (or falsehood) of a sentence, one must make reference to an interpretation of the theory. For first-order theories, interpretations are commonly called structures. Given a structure or interpretation, a sentence will have a ...
The set of formulas (also called well-formed formulas [18] or WFFs) is inductively defined by the following rules: Predicate symbols. If P is an n-ary predicate symbol and t 1, ..., t n are terms then P(t 1,...,t n) is a formula. Equality. If the equality symbol is considered part of logic, and t 1 and t 2 are terms, then t 1 = t 2 is a formula ...
Left to right: tree structure of the term (n⋅(n+1))/2 and n⋅((n+1)/2) Given a set V of variable symbols, a set C of constant symbols and sets F n of n-ary function symbols, also called operator symbols, for each natural number n ≥ 1, the set of (unsorted first-order) terms T is recursively defined to be the smallest set with the following properties: [1]
In mathematics and logic, the term "uniqueness" refers to the property of being the one and only object satisfying a certain condition. [1] This sort of quantification is known as uniqueness quantification or unique existential quantification, and is often denoted with the symbols "∃!" [2] or "∃ =1". For example, the formal statement
Formally, a one-in-three 3-SAT problem is given as a generalized conjunctive normal form with all generalized clauses using a ternary operator R that is TRUE just if exactly one of its arguments is. When all literals of a one-in-three 3-SAT formula are positive, the satisfiability problem is called one-in-three positive 3-SAT.
Mathematical formulas mix symbolic expressions for quantifiers with natural language quantifiers such as, For every natural number x, ... There exists an x such that ... For at least one x, .... Keywords for uniqueness quantification include: For exactly one natural number x, ... There is one and only one x such that ....