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Landscape ecology is a sub-discipline of ecology and geography that address how spatial variation in the landscape affects ecological processes such as the distribution and flow of energy, materials, and individuals in the environment (which, in turn, may influence the distribution of landscape "elements" themselves such as hedgerows).
Landscape archaeology or landscape history is the study of the way in which humanity has changed the physical appearance of the environment - both present and past. Landscape generally refers to both natural environments and environments constructed by human beings. [31]
Inverted relief – Landscape features that have reversed their elevation relative to other features; Lavaka – Type of gully, formed via groundwater sapping; Limestone pavement – Natural karst landform consisting of a flat, incised surface of exposed limestone
Physical geography is the study of earth's seasons, climate, atmosphere, soil, streams, landforms, and oceans. [66] Physical geographers will often work in identifying and monitoring the use of natural resources. Physical geography can be divided into many broad categories, including:
Landforms are categorized by characteristic physical attributes such as elevation, slope, orientation, structure stratification, rock exposure, and soil type.Gross physical features or landforms include intuitive elements such as berms, mounds, hills, ridges, cliffs, valleys, rivers, peninsulas, volcanoes, and numerous other structural and size-scaled (e.g. ponds vs. lakes, hills vs. mountains ...
Physiographic Map from "Geography of Ohio," published in 1923. During the early 1900s, the study of regional-scale geomorphology was termed "physiography". Physiography later was considered to be a portmanteau of "physical" and "geography", and therefore synonymous with physical geography, and the concept became embroiled in controversy surrounding the appropriate concerns of that discipline.
Geomorphology (from Ancient Greek γῆ (gê) 'earth' μορφή (morphḗ) 'form' and λόγος 'study') [2] is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of topographic and bathymetric features generated by physical, chemical or biological processes operating at or near Earth's surface.
Physical geography is the branch of natural science which deals with the processes and patterns in the natural environment such as the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, pedosphere geosphere and global flora and fauna patterns (biosphere as opposed to the cultural or built environment, the domain of human geography. Physical geography ...