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If the cause of a water stain on a ceiling is condensation from an HVAC system, you need to work with a contractor to improve ventilation in your home and add insulation in the affected area ...
Collapsed barn at Hörsne, Gotland, Sweden Building collapse due to snow weight. Structural integrity and failure is an aspect of engineering that deals with the ability of a structure to support a designed structural load (weight, force, etc.) without breaking and includes the study of past structural failures in order to prevent failures in future designs.
An experienced surveyor would usually be able to pinpoint the cause of damp, for example a leaking gutter causing rainwater to cascade and saturate the external structural wall which in turn causes rainwater to ingress internally and adversely affect the internal building fabric.
Fractography can determine whether a cause of train derailment was a faulty rail, or if a wing of a plane had fatigue cracks before a crash. Fractography is used also in materials research, since fracture properties can correlate with other properties and with structure of materials.
Fracture is the appearance of a crack or complete separation of an object or material into two or more pieces under the action of stress.The fracture of a solid usually occurs due to the development of certain displacement discontinuity surfaces within the solid.
It is the considerable forces internally created by the expansion of the iron corrosion products (about 6 – 7 times less dense than metallic iron, so 6 – 7 times more voluminous) that cause the cracks in the concrete matrix and destroy reinforced concrete. In the absence of iron (and without some harmful chemical degradation reactions also ...
The Pal-Kal method offered an easier, faster, and cheaper solution for casting ceilings compared to traditional reinforced concrete slabs. However, certain applications of this method were proven to be extremely dangerous, and the use of non-standard Pal-Kal ceilings was the main cause of the collapse of the Versailles wedding hall disaster.
The frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel had a number of interventions prior to the restoration process which was started in 1980. Initial problems with the ceiling appear to have been caused by water penetrating through the floor above. In about 1547 Paolo Giovio wrote that the ceiling was being damaged by saltpetre and cracks.