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Arguing that morality itself is a human construct as opposed to the laws of nature, which are inherently morally neutral, Nietzsche divided morality into two types: slave morality and master morality. [3] It is this first type, slave morality, which he associates with religion, specifically, with Christianity. [3]
[42] [43] According to Paul Kurtz, considered by some to be the founder of the American secular humanist movement, [44] one of the differences between Marxist–Leninist atheists and humanists is the latter's commitment to "human freedom and democracy" while stating that the militant atheism of the Soviet Union consistently violated basic human ...
Writers disagree on how best to define and classify atheism, [8] contesting what supernatural entities are considered gods, whether atheism is a philosophical position or merely the absence of one, and whether it requires a conscious, explicit rejection; however, the norm is to define atheism in terms of an explicit stance against theism.
Paley says it is atheism not to agree with the watchmaker argument. He compares the eye to a telescope, and argues from the eye's construction. Chapter IV Of the Succession of Plants and Animals Paley argues from the properties of plant seeds and animal eggs. Chapter V. Application of the Argument continued
Also called "weak atheism". Implicit atheism – "the absence of theistic belief without a conscious rejection of it". [9] Agnostic atheism – philosophical position that encompasses both atheism and agnosticism. Agnostic atheists are atheistic because they do not hold a belief in the existence of any deity and agnostic because they claim that ...
The approach taken varies between Christian denominations, and Christian ministers may intelligently distinguish an individual's claims of atheism from other nominal states of personal perspective, such as plain disbelief, an adherence to science, a misunderstanding of the nature of religious belief, or a disdain for organized religion in general.
The Range of Reason is a 1952 book of essays by the Catholic philosopher Jacques Maritain.The text presents a Thomist philosophy regarding religion and morality. It contains a study of Atheism, titled "The Meaning of Contemporary Atheism", which has had a considerable impact on Catholic views of Atheism.
As William James put it in his study of human nature from a religious perspective, "religion" has a "department of human nature". [41] Various views of human nature have been held by theologians. However, there are some "basic assertions" in all "biblical anthropology:" [42] "Humankind has its origin in God, its creator." "Humans bear the ...