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In terms of cause, almost any condition that involves ischemia can lead to renal papillary necrosis. A mnemonic for the causes of renal papillary necrosis is POSTCARDS: pyelonephritis, obstruction of the urogenital tract, sickle cell disease, tuberculosis, cirrhosis of the liver, analgesia/alcohol use disorder, renal vein thrombosis, diabetes mellitus, and systemic vasculitis. [3]
Kidney showing circumscribed calcium deposits together with a partial stag horn calculus. Nephrocalcinosis , once known as Albright's calcinosis after Fuller Albright , is a term originally used to describe the deposition of poorly soluble calcium salts in the renal parenchyma due to hyperparathyroidism .
Urinalysis, microalbumin to creatinine ratio, quantification of urine protein and ultrasound (to exclude obstructive nephropathy and detect papillary necrosis) are methods used to determine renal function. [7] Early signs include abnormally large and distended glomeruli causing hyperfiltration from as young as two years old. [5]
Renal ultrasonography (Renal US) is the examination of one or both kidneys using medical ultrasound. Ultrasonography of the kidneys is essential in the diagnosis and management of kidney-related diseases. The kidneys are easily examined, and most pathological changes in the kidneys are distinguishable with ultrasound.
The scarring of the small blood vessels, called capillary sclerosis, is the initial lesion of analgesic nephropathy. [7] Found in the renal pelvis, ureter, and capillaries supplying the nephrons, capillary sclerosis is thought to lead to renal papillary necrosis and, in turn, chronic interstitial nephritis.
The RENAL Nephrometry Scoring System is used to measure the complexity of kidney tumors for determining whether a renal mass is appropriate for partial or radical nephrectomy, and is estimated by CT scan as follows: [7] The nephrometery score takes into account the size of the tumor (Radius), how much of the tumor is inside or outside of the ...
Renal cortical necrosis (RCN) is a rare cause of acute kidney failure. The condition is "usually caused by significantly diminished arterial perfusion of the kidneys due to spasms of the feeding arteries, microvascular injury, or disseminated intravascular coagulation " and is the pathological progression of acute tubular necrosis . [ 1 ]
Papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC) is a malignant, heterogeneous tumor originating from renal tubular epithelial cells of the kidney, which comprises approximately 10-15% of all kidney neoplasms. [1] Based on its morphological features, PRCC can be classified into two main subtypes, which are type 1 and type 2 (eosinophilic). [2]