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Both Hindi and Urdu share a core vocabulary of native Prakrit and Sanskrit-derived words. [20] [101] [21] However, Hindi is written in the Devanagari script and contains more direct tatsama Sanskrit-derived words than Urdu, whereas Urdu is written in the Perso-Arabic script and uses more Arabic and Persian loanwords compared to Hindi. [57]
[21] Likewise, when describing the state of Hindi-Urdu under British rule in colonial India, Professor Sekhar Bandyopadhyay stated that "Truly speaking, Hindi and Urdu, spoken by a great majority of people in north India, were the same language written in two scripts; Hindi was written in Devanagari script and therefore had a greater sprinkling ...
Old Hindi [a] or Khariboli was the earliest stage of the Hindustani language, and so the ancestor of today's Hindi and Urdu. [2] It developed from Shauraseni Prakrit and was spoken by the peoples of the region around Delhi , in roughly the 10th–13th centuries before the Delhi Sultanate .
Hindustani is a pluricentric language with two standard registers, known as Hindi (written in Devanagari script and influenced by Sanskrit) and Urdu (written in Perso-Arabic script and influenced by Persian and Arabic) which serve as official languages of India and Pakistan, respectively. [13] [14] Thus, it is also called Hindi–Urdu.
A Jain text Shravakachar written in 933AD is considered the first Hindi book. [3] Modern Hindi is based on the prestigious Khariboli dialect which started to take Persian and Arabic words too with the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate; however, the Arabic-Persian influence was profound mainly on Urdu and to a lesser extent on Hindi.
As first or middle fragments/members of a cluster (when letters are to be written as half pronounced), they lose that stroke. e.g. त् + व = त्व tva, ण् + ढ = ण्ढ ṇḍha, स् + थ = स्थ stha. In Unicode, as in Hindi, these consonants without their vertical stems are called "half forms". [61]
Hindustani (standardized Hindi and standardized Urdu) has been written in several different scripts. Most Hindi texts are written in the Devanagari script, which is derived from the Brāhmī script of Ancient India. Most Urdu texts are written in the Urdu alphabet, which comes from the Persian alphabet. Hindustani has been written in both scripts.
copy of a Tunisian poem written by Sheykh Hassan el-Karray [185] Before 1700, lyrics of songs were not written in Tunisian Arabic but in Classical Arabic. [185] c. 1695: Seri: grammar and vocabulary compiled by Adamo Gilg: No longer known to exist. [186] 17th century: Hausa: Riwayar Annabi Musa by Abdallah Suka [187] late 17th century: Basque ...