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Statistics, in the modern sense of the word, began evolving in the 18th century in response to the novel needs of industrializing sovereign states.. In early times, the meaning was restricted to information about states, particularly demographics such as population.
Statistics is the theory and application of mathematics to the scientific method including hypothesis generation, experimental design, sampling, data collection, data summarization, estimation, prediction and inference from those results to the population from which the experimental sample was drawn.
Mathematical statistics is the application of mathematics to statistics. Mathematical techniques used for this include mathematical analysis, linear algebra, stochastic analysis, differential equations, and measure-theoretic probability theory.
It includes the founders of statistics and others. It includes some 17th- and 18th-century mathematicians and polymaths whose work is regarded as influential in shaping the later discipline of statistics. Also included are various actuaries, economists, and demographers known for providing leadership in applying statistics to their fields.
Pearson's work was all-embracing in the wide application and development of mathematical statistics, and encompassed the fields of biology, epidemiology, anthropometry, medicine, psychology and social history. [38] In 1901, with Weldon and Galton, he founded the journal Biometrika whose object was the development of statistical theory. [39]
John Aldrich (2008), Figures from the History of Probability and Statistics; John Aldrich (2008), Probability and Statistics on the Earliest Uses Pages; Michael Friendly and Daniel J. Denis (2008). "Milestones in the History of Thematic Cartography, Statistical Graphics, and Data Visualization: An illustrated chronology of innovations"
Classical statistics, with its reliance on mechanical calculators and specialized printed tables, boasts a longer history of obtaining results. Bayesian methods, on the other hand, have shown remarkable efficacy in analyzing sequentially sampled information, such as radar and sonar data.
Fisher's famous 1921 paper alone has been described as "arguably the most influential article" on mathematical statistics in the twentieth century, and equivalent to "Darwin on evolutionary biology, Gauss on number theory, Kolmogorov on probability, and Adam Smith on economics", [24] and is credited with completely revolutionizing statistics. [25]