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Lysosome. Centrosome. Cell membrane. A lysosome (/ ˈlaɪsəˌsoʊm /) is a single membrane-bound organelle found in many animal cells. [1][2] They are spherical vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest many kinds of biomolecules. A lysosome has a specific composition, of both its membrane proteins and its lumenal proteins.
Bar, 500 nm. Endosomes are a collection of intracellular sorting organelles in eukaryotic cells. They are parts of the endocytic membrane transport pathway originating from the trans Golgi network. Molecules or ligands internalized from the plasma membrane can follow this pathway all the way to lysosomes for degradation or can be recycled back ...
Lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17, muramidase, N-acetylmuramide glycanhydrolase; systematic name peptidoglycan N-acetylmuramoylhydrolase) is an antimicrobial enzyme produced by animals that forms part of the innate immune system. It is a glycoside hydrolase that catalyzes the following process: Hydrolysis of (1→4)-β-linkages between N -acetylmuramic ...
Dark small circles in the network are mitochondria. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a part of a transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and has many other important functions such as protein folding. It is a type of organelle made up of two subunits – rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER).
Digestive enzymes are found in the digestive tracts of animals (including humans) and in the tracts of carnivorous plants, where they aid in the digestion of food, as well as inside cells, especially in their lysosomes, where they function to maintain cellular survival. [4][5] Digestive enzymes are classified based on their target substrates ...
Autophagosome. The autophagic process is divided into five distinct stages: Initiation, phagophore nucleation, autophagosomal formation (elongation), autophagosome-lysosome fusion (autophagolysosome) and cargo degradation. [1] An autophagosome is a spherical structure with double layer membranes. [2] It is the key structure in macroautophagy ...
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs; / ˌlaɪsəˈsoʊməl /) are a group of over 70 rare inherited metabolic disorders that result from defects in lysosomal function. [1][2] Lysosomes are sacs of enzymes within cells that digest large molecules and pass the fragments on to other parts of the cell for recycling. This process requires several ...
Vesicle (biology and chemistry) Scheme of a liposome formed by phospholipids in an aqueous solution. In cell biology, a vesicle is a structure within or outside a cell, consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer. Vesicles form naturally during the processes of secretion (exocytosis), uptake (endocytosis), and the transport of ...