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Gas exchange is the physical process by which gases move passively by diffusion across a surface. For example, this surface might be the air/water interface of a water body, the surface of a gas bubble in a liquid, a gas-permeable membrane, or a biological membrane that forms the boundary between an organism and its extracellular environment.
Aerenchyma in stem cross section of a typical wetland plant. Aerenchyma or aeriferous parenchyma [1] or lacunae, is a modification of the parenchyma to form a spongy tissue that creates spaces or air channels in the leaves, stems and roots of some plants, which allows exchange of gases between the shoot and the root. [2]
In fish, for example, they have: A large surface area to allow as much oxygen to enter the gills as possible because more of the gas comes into contact with the membrane; Good blood supply to maintain the concentration gradient needed; Thin membrane to allow for a short diffusion pathway; Each gill arch has two rows (hemibranchs) of gill filaments
Diffusion is the net movement of anything (for example, atoms, ions, molecules, energy) generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Diffusion is driven by a gradient in Gibbs free energy or chemical potential .
A current of water is maintained through the gills for gas exchange, and food particles are filtered out at the same time. These may be trapped in mucus and moved to the mouth by the beating of cilia. [16] Respiration in the echinoderms (such as starfish and sea urchins) is carried out using a very primitive version of gills called papulae.
Cellular respiration is the process of oxidizing biological fuels using an inorganic electron acceptor, such as oxygen, to drive production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which contains energy. Cellular respiration may be described as a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to transfer chemical ...
Diffusion is also faster in smaller, lighter molecules of which helium is the extreme example. Diffusivity of helium is 2.65 times faster than nitrogen. [14] The partial pressure gradient, also known as the concentration gradient, can be used as a model for the driving mechanism of diffusion. The partial pressure gradient is the rate of ...
If there is a change in the potential energy of a system; for example μ 1 >μ 2 (μ is Chemical potential) an energy flow will occur from S 1 to S 2, because nature always prefers low energy and maximum entropy. Molecular diffusion is typically described mathematically using Fick's laws of diffusion.