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The rear flank downdraft can arise owing to negative buoyancy, which can be generated by cold anomalies produced at the rear of the supercell thunderstorm by evaporative cooling of precipitation or hail melting, or injection of dry and cooler air in the cloud, and by vertical perturbation pressure gradients that can arise from vertical gradients of vertical vorticity, stagnation of ...
Classical tornadoes are supercellular tornadoes, which have a recognizable pattern of formation. [5] The cycle begins when a strong thunderstorm develops a rotating mesocyclone a few miles up in the atmosphere. As rainfall in the storm increases, it drags with it an area of quickly descending air known as the rear flank downdraft (RFD). This ...
The Warn-on-Forecast run at 17z on May 21, 2024, showing a high probability of low-level updraft helicity near Adair County three hours before the Greenfield tornado formed. The research project was started in 2016 in the National Weather Center in Norman, Oklahoma. [5] On May 16, 2017, a deadly EF2 tornado struck Elk City, Oklahoma.
Since its initial usage in May 1999, the National Weather Service (NWS) in the United States has used the tornado emergency bulletin — a high-end classification of tornado warning — sent through either the issuance of a warning or via a "severe weather statement" that provides updated information on an ongoing warning—that is issued when a violent tornado (confirmed by radar or ground ...
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[1] [2] A TDS may also be indicated by dual-polarization radar products, designated as a polarimetric tornado debris signature (PTDS). Polarimetric radar can discern meteorological and nonmeteorological hydrometeors and the co-location of a PTDS with the enhanced reflectivity of a debris ball are used by meteorologists as confirmation that a ...
It is the second-deadliest tornado in Michigan history. [5] A brief F2 tornado hit Amadore, destroying the entire village and injuring 3 people. [3] November 11, 1911 – A rare cold snap spawned 2 F2 tornadoes in Michigan. The first tracked through Shiawassee County, damaging multiple structures, uprooting trees, and killing 2 people. [6]
The Doppler on Wheels also led to the “first tornado wind maps, measurements of an axial downdraft and lofted debris, multiple vortices, winds versus damage and surface measurement intercomparisons, winds as low as 3–4 m (9.8–13.1 ft) above the ground level and low-level inflow, 3D ground-based velocity track display (GBVTD) vector wind ...