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A TLR7 agonist, imiquimod (Aldara), [10] has been approved for topical use in treating warts caused by papillomavirus and for actinic keratosis. [11] Due to their ability to induce robust production of anti-cancer cytokines such as interleukin-12, TLR7 agonists have also been investigated for cancer immunotherapy and as vaccine adjuvants.
The ability of the immune system to recognize molecules that are broadly shared by pathogens is, in part, due to the presence of immune receptors called toll-like receptors (TLRs) that are expressed on the membranes of leukocytes including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, cells of the adaptive immunity T cells, and B cells, and non-immune cells (epithelial and endothelial ...
In addition, squalene-based O/W emulsions have also been shown to stably incorporate small molecule TLR7/8 adjuvants (e.g. PVP-037) and lead to enhanced adjuvanticity via synergism. [13] The plant extract QS-21 is a liposome made up of two plant saponins from Quillaja saponaria, a Chilean soap bark tree. [25] [26]
Resiquimod (R-848) is a drug that acts as an immune response modifier, and has antiviral and antitumour activity. It is used as a topical gel [1] in the treatment of skin lesions [2] such as those caused by the herpes simplex virus [3] [4] and cutaneous T cell lymphoma, [5] and as an adjuvant to increase the effectiveness of vaccines. [6]
An Immune stimulating antibody conjugate is a monoclonal antibody that conjugates an antibody to an immune-stimulatory agent. [1] They have been used in targeting tumors in mouse models, particularly to turn "cold tumors into hot ones". [2]
54106 81897 Ensembl ENSG00000239732 ENSMUSG00000045322 UniProt Q9NR96 Q9EQU3 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_138688 NM_017442 NM_031178 RefSeq (protein) NP_059138 NP_112455 Location (UCSC) Chr 3: 52.22 – 52.23 Mb Chr 9: 106.1 – 106.1 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Toll-like receptor 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR9 gene. TLR9 has also been designated as ...
AS03 (for "Adjuvant System 03") is the trade name for a squalene-based immunologic adjuvant used in various vaccine products by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). It is used, for example, in GSK's A/H1N1 pandemic flu vaccine Pandemrix. It is also in Arepanrix and the Q-pan for H5N1 influenza. [1] A dose of AS03 adjuvant contains [2] 10.69 mg squalene
Cancer immunotherapy (immuno-oncotherapy) is the stimulation of the immune system to treat cancer, improving the immune system's natural ability to fight the disease. [1] It is an application of the fundamental research of cancer immunology (immuno-oncology) and a growing subspecialty of oncology.