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In July 2020, it was discovered that TLR7 deficiency predisposes young, previously healthy, male patients to severe infection with SARS-CoV-2. [17] More recently in November 2023, a novel TLR7 hemizygous loss-of-function variant was identified in a pediatric patient with severe neurological deterioration following COVID-19 infection. [18]
The toll receptor shares the cytoplasmatic TIR domain with mammalian TLRs, but the ectodomain and intracytoplasmatic tail are different. This difference might reflect a function of these receptors as cytokine receptors rather than PRRs. The toll pathway is activated by different stimuli, such as gram-positive bacteria, fungi, and virulence factors.
The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This gene is predominantly expressed in lung and peripheral blood leukocytes, and lies in close proximity to another family member, TLR7, on chromosome X. [8] Recent research has also shown the expression of TLR8 in hippocampal interneurons, with yet unknown function. [9]
54106 81897 Ensembl ENSG00000239732 ENSMUSG00000045322 UniProt Q9NR96 Q9EQU3 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_138688 NM_017442 NM_031178 RefSeq (protein) NP_059138 NP_112455 Location (UCSC) Chr 3: 52.22 – 52.23 Mb Chr 9: 106.1 – 106.1 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Toll-like receptor 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR9 gene. TLR9 has also been designated as ...
Activation of various innate immune signaling pathways (TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, cGAS, RIG-I, MDA-5) leads to the rapid induction of type I IFNs due to their (mostly) intronless gene structure. [3] [4] The regulatory elements upstream of type I IFN genes differ, allowing differential transcription of type I IFNs in response to stimuli. [5]
Upon stimulation and subsequent activation of TLR7 and TLR9, these cells produce large amounts (up to 1,000 times more than other cell type) of type I interferon (mainly IFN-α and IFN-β), which are critical anti-viral compounds mediating a wide range of effects and induce maturation of the pDC.
Certain viruses, such as human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and hepatitis C (HCV), have adapted to suppress the function of MAVS in the antiviral innate immune response, aiding in viral replication. [ 7 ] [ 11 ] HCMV impairs MAVS through the viral mitochondria-localized inhibitor of apoptosis protein (vMIA), thus reducing the pro-inflammatory ...
Gardiquimod is an experimental drug which acts selectively at both mouse and human forms of toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7). It functions as an immune response modifier. [1] [2] The core structure is 1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline, as found in related drugs such as imiquimod and resiquimod. It is structurally very similar to resiquimod differing only ...