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Cervical ectropion is a condition in which the cells from the 'inside' of the cervical canal, known as glandular cells (or columnar epithelium), are present on the 'outside' of the vaginal portion of the cervix. The cells on the 'outside' of the cervix are typically squamous epithelial cells.
Cervical ectropion, dysplasia, polyps or cervical carcinoma may cause lesions in the cervix leading to minor haemorrhaging or spotting. Abrasion or slight trauma caused by intercourse , clinical examinations and pap smear may also cause spotting from the cervix.
The bleeding can be from the uterus, cervix, vagina and other tissue or organs located near the vagina. [4] Postcoital bleeding can be one of the first indications of cervical cancer. [5] [6] There are other reasons why vaginal bleeding may occur after intercourse. Some women will bleed after intercourse for the first time but others will not.
The cervix is more tightly connected to surrounding structures than the rest of the uterus. [7] The cervical canal varies greatly in length and width between women or over the course of a woman's life, [3] and it can measure 8 mm (0.3 inch) at its widest diameter in premenopausal adults. [8] It is wider in the middle and narrower at each end.
Patients may also report urinary frequency and urinary retention. [2] Premenopausal women with hematometra often experience abnormal vaginal bleeding, including dysmenorrhea (pain during menstruation ) or amenorrhea (lack of menstruation), while postmenopausal women are more likely to be asymptomatic. [ 3 ]
A cervical polyp is a common benign polyp or tumour on the surface of the cervical canal. [2] They can cause irregular menstrual bleeding but often show no symptoms. Treatment consists of simple removal of the polyp and prognosis is generally good. About 1% of cervical polyps will show neoplastic change which may lead to cancer.
Cervical atresia is a relatively rare Müllerian duct anomaly of the female reproductive tract. It is associated with acute or chronic pain in the abdomen or pelvic pain along with other reproductive problems. A significant share of the women with cervical atresia have it since birth, that is, congenital cervical atresia.
Cervical motion tenderness or cervical excitation is a sign found on a gynecological pelvic examination suggestive of pelvic pathology. Classically, it is present in the setting of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or ectopic pregnancy and is of some use to help differentiate PID from appendicitis . [ 1 ]