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An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile (easily evaporated at normal temperatures) chemical compounds from plants.Essential oils are also known as volatile oils, ethereal oils, aetheroleum, or simply as the oil of the plant from which they were extracted, such as oil of clove.
They then refine the oil to remove certain free fatty acids to reduce susceptibility to rancidification. Other processes to increase shelf life include using copra with a moisture content below 6%, keeping the moisture content of the oil below 0.2%, heating the oil to 130–150 °C (266–302 °F) and adding salt or citric acid .
The basic principle of iodine value was originally introduced in 1884 by A. V. Hübl as “Jodzahl”.He used iodine alcoholic solution in presence of mercuric chloride (HgCl 2) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4) as fat solubilizer.