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Phan Khôi (October 06, 1887 – January 16, 1959) was an intellectual leader who inspired a North Vietnamese variety of the Chinese Hundred Flowers Campaign, in which scholars were permitted to criticize the government, but for which he himself was ultimately persecuted by the Communist Party of Vietnam.
Phan was named vice president, while ministries were created, with a delegate from each of Vietnam's three regions in each ministry. The most important of these was the "deliberative ministry", with Nguyễn Thượng Hiền, Phan Bội Châu and Nguyễn Thần Hiến representing the northern, central and southern regions respectively.
Sở Cuồng or Lê Dư (born 1884, xã Nông Sơn, Điện Bàn District - died 31 August 1967) was a Vietnamese scholar.. He was born in Quảng Nam.Although his exact birth date was not known, he lived in the same period with Phan Khôi, the leader of the Nhân Văn affair.
Phan Khôi and his Nhan-Van Giai Pham group were disbanded and imprisoned by the DRV. Nguyễn Tường Tam committed suicide the day before Ngô Đình Diệm summoned him to a court hearing due to his political writings.
Hoàng Diệu was born in 1829 in a Confucian family in Xuân Đài village, Diên Phước district, Quảng Nam province (now is Điện Bàn, Quảng Nam).In 1848, he got Cử nhân (舉人 senior bachelor) degree in the Regional Exam (Vietnamese: Thi Hương).
The Văn Thân Movement (Nôm: 風潮文紳; quốc ngữ: Phong trào Văn Thân) was a popular movement led by non-governmental scholars in 19th century central Vietnam.
Phan Bội Châu (Vietnamese: [faːn ɓôjˀ cəw]; 26 December 1867 – 29 October 1940), born Phan Văn San, courtesy name Hải Thụ (later changed to Sào Nam), was a pioneer of 20th century Vietnamese nationalism. In 1904, he formed a revolutionary organization called Duy Tân Hội ("Modernization Association").
Phan Khoi's argument, on the other hand, cleverly introduces Marx's ideas and concepts. These articles are all collected in the book Idealism or Materialism published in 1936, written by Phan Van Hum with a preface. In another article, Hai Trieu also refuted the opinion of his predecessor Phan Boi Chau about the meaning of the word literature.