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Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a condition involving the inability to respond to androgens, typically due to androgen receptor dysfunction. [1] It affects 1 in 20,000 to 64,000 XY (karyotypically male) births. The condition results in the partial or complete inability of cells to respond to androgens. [2]
Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) is an AIS condition that results in the complete inability of the cell to respond to androgens. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] As such, the insensitivity to androgens is only clinically significant when it occurs in individuals who are exposed to significant amounts of testosterone at some point in their lives ...
[88] [89] These effects may not manifest at all in men with AIS, or might only manifest at a much higher concentration of testosterone, depending on the degree of androgen insensitivity. [ 17 ] [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Those undergoing high dose androgen therapy should be monitored for safety and efficacy of treatment, possibly including regular breast ...
Mild androgen insensitivity syndrome (MAIS) is an intersex variation that results in a mild impairment of the cell's ability to respond to androgens. [1] [2] [3] The degree of impairment is sufficient to impair spermatogenesis and / or the development of secondary sexual characteristics at puberty in males, but does not affect genital differentiation or development.
Androgens are synthesized in the testes, the ovaries, and the adrenal glands. Androgens increase in both males and females during puberty. [3] The major androgen in males is testosterone. [4] Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and androstenedione are of equal importance in male development. [4] DHT in utero causes differentiation of the penis, scrotum ...
Hypogonadism means diminished functional activity of the gonads—the testicles or the ovaries—that may result in diminished production of sex hormones. Low androgen (e.g., testosterone) levels are referred to as hypoandrogenism and low estrogen (e.g., estradiol) as hypoestrogenism. These are responsible for the observed signs and symptoms in ...
In males, a type of myopathy can result from androgen deficiency known as testosterone deficiency myopathy or (hypogonadotropic) hypogonadism with myopathy. Signs and symptoms include elevated serum CK , symmetrical muscle wasting and muscle weakness (predominantly proximal ), a burning sensation in the feet at night, waddling gait , and ...
Virilization is a medical term commonly used in three medical and biology of sex contexts: prenatal biological sexual differentiation, the postnatal changes of typical chromosomal male (46, XY) puberty, and excessive androgen effects in typical chromosomal females (46, XX).